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?????	Esophagus
??-?????	D004947
?????	A05.4.01.001
????	2887
?????	FMA:7131
	?????????? ??????? [??????????? ?????????????]

百度相关链接湘企怎么说关税调整后，对湖南经营进出口贸易的企业将有何影响？3月23日，以研发、生产、销售高端视窗触控防护玻璃面板、触控模组及视窗触控防护新材料为主营业务的湘企蓝思科技相关负责人对三湘都市报记者表示，作为产业链上的一环，由于公司出口贸易并不完全对接美国市场，目前并未收到关税调整的相关具体信息，但会密切关注相关政策、信息，以及未来可能出现的变化。

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???????? ?????? (??????? ?????? : esophagus), ?????: ο?σοφ?γο? ???? ????? (oisophagos) ??? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? (?????) ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? (phagos) ??? ???? ????? ^[?]

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The esophagus (yellow) passes behind the trachea and the heart.

Diagram of thorax showing the esophagus and surrounding structures.

The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind.

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H&E stain of a biopsy of the normal esophageal wall, showing the stratified squamous cell epithelium of the esophageal wall

Histological section of the gastro-esophageal junction, with a black arrow indicating the junction

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?????????

↑ Physiology at MCG 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30
↑ Harper, Douglas? "Esophagus"? Etymology Online? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Hippocrates (????)? Coan prenotions. (1. publ. ???????)? Harvard University Press? ??. ??? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Bostock, John; Riley, Henry T.; Pliny the Elder (????)? The natural history of Pliny? H. G. Bohn? ??. ???{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ?????? ???: ???????? ?????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Brock, Galen; with an English translation by Arthur John (????)? On the natural faculties (Repr. ???????)? W. Heinemann? ??. "Book ?" S?? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ????? {{?? ???????}}: ???????? / ??????? ???????????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ?????? ???: ???????? ?????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ ^? ^? Surgery : basic science and clinical evidence (2nd ???????)? Springer? ????? ??. ???–???? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Purves, Dale (????)? Neuroscience (5th ???????)? Sinauer? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-?????-???-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne (????)? Gray's anatomy for students? illustrations by Richard M. Tibbitts and Paul Richardson? Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone? ??. ???–??? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine? illust. Robert Britton (21st ???????)? Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier? ????? ??. ???–??? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ???????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Kuo, Braden; Urma, Daniela (????)? "Esophagus – anatomy and development"? ?????:10.1038/gimo6? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ ^? ^? Patti, MG; Gantert, W (????? ????)? "Surgery of the esophagus. Anatomy and physiology.": ???–??? ?????:10.1016/s0039-6109(05)70600-9? ???????? 9347826? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne (????)? Gray's anatomy for students? illustrations by Richard M. Tibbitts and Paul Richardson? Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Mu, L; Wang, J (????? ????)? "Adult human upper esophageal sphincter contains specialized muscle fibers expressing unusual myosin heavy chain isoforms": ???–???? ?????:10.1369/jhc.6A7084.2006? ???????? 17074861? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? Hall, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. (????)? Textbook of medical physiology (11th ???????)? W.B. Saunders? ??. ???–???? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ?????? ???: ???????? ?????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Kahrilas PJ (????)? "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease": ????–??? ?????:10.1056/NEJMcp0804684? ?????? 3058591? ???????? 18923172? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Patterson, William G. (????)? "Esophageal peristalsis"? ?????:10.1038/gimo13? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Gastrointestinal disease : an endoscopic approach? section editors Firas H. Al-Kawas (2nd ???????)? Slack? ????? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-?????-???-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ???????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ High-yield imaging (1st ???????)? Saunders/Elsevier? ????? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Moore, Keith L; Agur, Anne M.R (????)? Essential Clinical Anatomy (2nd ???????)? Lippincott Williams & Wilkins? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Barrett, Kim E. (????)? Gastrointestinal physiology (2nd ???????)? Mc Graw Hill.? ??. Chapter ?: "Esophageal Motility"? ???????? ???-?-??-??????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Specialist Training in Gastroenterology and Liver Disease? Elsevier Mosby? ????? ??. ??–??? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ ^? ^? ^? Ross M, Pawlina W (????)? Histology: A Text and Atlas (6th ???????)? Lippincott Williams & Wilkins? ??. ???–??? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Takubo, Kaiyo (????)? Pathology of the esophagus an . (2nd ???????)? Springer Verlag? ??. ??? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas (5th ???????)? Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier? ????? ??. ??? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? Gary C. Schoenwolf (????)? "Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract"? Larsen's human embryology (4th ???????)? Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ "Neuromuscular Anatomy of Esophagus and Lower Esophageal Sphincter - Motor Function of the Pharynx, Esophagus, and its Sphincters - NCBI Bookshelf"? Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov? ????-??-??? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Arias, ángel; Lucendo, Alfredo J. (??????? ????)? "Epidemiology and risk factors for eosinophilic esophagitis: lessons for clinicians": ????–????? ?????:10.1080/17474124.2020.1806054? ???????? 1747-4132? ???????? 32749898? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Albert, Daniel (????)? Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary (32nd ???????)? Saunders/Elsevier? ??. ????? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Purves, Dale (????)? Neuroscience (5. ???????)? Sinauer? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-?????-???-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ "The human proteome in esophagus - The Human Protein Atlas"? www.proteinatlas.org? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn (????-??-??)? "Tissue-based map of the human proteome" (?????? ??????): ???????? ?????:10.1126/science.1260419? ???????? 0036-8075? ???????? 25613900? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
↑ Edqvist, Per-Henrik D.; Fagerberg, Linn (????-??-??)? "Expression of Human Skin-Specific Genes Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling" (?????? ??????): ???–???? ?????:10.1369/0022155414562646? ?????? 4305515? ???????? 25411189? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??????

?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??????

[1] Physiology at MCG 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30

[Harper2014-2] Harper, Douglas? "Esophagus"? Etymology Online? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[3] Hippocrates (????)? Coan prenotions. (1. publ. ???????)? Harvard University Press? ??. ??? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[4] Bostock, John; Riley, Henry T.; Pliny the Elder (????)? The natural history of Pliny? H. G. Bohn? ??. ???{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ?????? ???: ???????? ?????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[5] Brock, Galen; with an English translation by Arthur John (????)? On the natural faculties (Repr. ???????)? W. Heinemann? ??. "Book ?" S?? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ????? {{?? ???????}}: ???????? / ??????? ???????????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ?????? ???: ???????? ?????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[NORTON2008-6] ? ^? Surgery : basic science and clinical evidence (2nd ???????)? Springer? ????? ??. ???–???? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[7] Purves, Dale (????)? Neuroscience (5th ???????)? Sinauer? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-?????-???-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[GRAYS2005-8] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne (????)? Gray's anatomy for students? illustrations by Richard M. Tibbitts and Paul Richardson? Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone? ??. ???–??? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[DAVIDSONS2010-9] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine? illust. Robert Britton (21st ???????)? Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier? ????? ??. ???–??? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ???????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[KUO2006-10] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Kuo, Braden; Urma, Daniela (????)? "Esophagus – anatomy and development"? ?????:10.1038/gimo6? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[PATTI1997-11] ? ^? Patti, MG; Gantert, W (????? ????)? "Surgery of the esophagus. Anatomy and physiology.": ???–??? ?????:10.1016/s0039-6109(05)70600-9? ???????? 9347826? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[GRAYS2009-12] Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne (????)? Gray's anatomy for students? illustrations by Richard M. Tibbitts and Paul Richardson? Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[13] Mu, L; Wang, J (????? ????)? "Adult human upper esophageal sphincter contains specialized muscle fibers expressing unusual myosin heavy chain isoforms": ???–???? ?????:10.1369/jhc.6A7084.2006? ???????? 17074861? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[GUYTONHALL2005-14] ? ^? ^? ^? Hall, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. (????)? Textbook of medical physiology (11th ???????)? W.B. Saunders? ??. ???–???? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ?????? ???: ???????? ?????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[Kahrilas-15] Kahrilas PJ (????)? "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease": ????–??? ?????:10.1056/NEJMcp0804684? ?????? 3058591? ???????? 18923172? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[16] Patterson, William G. (????)? "Esophageal peristalsis"? ?????:10.1038/gimo13? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ????? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[GD2002-17] Gastrointestinal disease : an endoscopic approach? section editors Firas H. Al-Kawas (2nd ???????)? Slack? ????? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-?????-???-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ???????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[18] High-yield imaging (1st ???????)? Saunders/Elsevier? ????? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[Moore-Agur-19] Moore, Keith L; Agur, Anne M.R (????)? Essential Clinical Anatomy (2nd ???????)? Lippincott Williams & Wilkins? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[20] Barrett, Kim E. (????)? Gastrointestinal physiology (2nd ???????)? Mc Graw Hill.? ??. Chapter ?: "Esophageal Motility"? ???????? ???-?-??-??????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[21] Specialist Training in Gastroenterology and Liver Disease? Elsevier Mosby? ????? ??. ??–??? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[ross-22] ? ^? ^? Ross M, Pawlina W (????)? Histology: A Text and Atlas (6th ???????)? Lippincott Williams & Wilkins? ??. ???–??? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[23] Takubo, Kaiyo (????)? Pathology of the esophagus an . (2nd ???????)? Springer Verlag? ??. ??? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[24] Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas (5th ???????)? Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier? ????? ??. ??? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[LARSEN2009-25] ? ^? ^? ^? Gary C. Schoenwolf (????)? "Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract"? Larsen's human embryology (4th ???????)? Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[26] "Neuromuscular Anatomy of Esophagus and Lower Esophageal Sphincter - Motor Function of the Pharynx, Esophagus, and its Sphincters - NCBI Bookshelf"? Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov? ????-??-??? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[27] Arias, ángel; Lucendo, Alfredo J. (??????? ????)? "Epidemiology and risk factors for eosinophilic esophagitis: lessons for clinicians": ????–????? ?????:10.1080/17474124.2020.1806054? ???????? 1747-4132? ???????? 32749898? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[28] Albert, Daniel (????)? Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary (32nd ???????)? Saunders/Elsevier? ??. ????? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[29] Purves, Dale (????)? Neuroscience (5. ???????)? Sinauer? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-?????-???-??{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[30] "The human proteome in esophagus - The Human Protein Atlas"? www.proteinatlas.org? ???????? ????? ????-??-???{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[31] Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn (????-??-??)? "Tissue-based map of the human proteome" (?????? ??????): ???????? ?????:10.1126/science.1260419? ???????? 0036-8075? ???????? 25613900? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

[32] Edqvist, Per-Henrik D.; Fagerberg, Linn (????-??-??)? "Expression of Human Skin-Specific Genes Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling" (?????? ??????): ???–???? ?????:10.1369/0022155414562646? ?????? 4305515? ???????? 25411189? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)

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