?????

*?????*
?????
	??????? ?????; ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????
?????????
????	??????? ????
????	??????? ????
???????	??????? ???????
??????????
?????	ren
??-?????	D007668
?????	A08.1.01.001
????	3358
?????	FMA:7203
	?????????? ??????? [??????????? ?????????????]

百度白宫说它将支持参议院民主党议员克里斯·墨菲和共和党议员约翰·科宁起草的一项法案，该法案将加强联邦调查局（FBI）对枪支购买者的背景调查。

????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? (???? ???????) ???????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???? ????????, ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????

???? ????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????^[?]^[?]

???????

????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???????(RIB)?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ????? (Renal Fascia) ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? - ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? - ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????^{[????????? ????????]}

???

??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ? ????????? ??? ????

??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ? - ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????

????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????,???? ???????? ?????? ???,??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? (Renal Tubule)?? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???, ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? (Medullary Ray) ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????(Collecting Duct) ? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????????(Minor Calyx),?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????(Major Calyx)??? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ????

???????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????(Hilar Fat) ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ^[?]

???

????????? ???????? ?????????

??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? Na⁺/??????? ???????????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? mg/dL ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????-??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? mg/dL ??????? ????? ??????,?? ???????? ????? ??????????

??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????^[?]

????????? ?????? ???? ?????	?????????? ??????	????
??????? ??????? ????? ???	??????? (???%), ???????? ???? (???%), ???????????? (??%), Na⁺ (??%), Cl^?,????? ? H₂O (??%)	PTH ????? ???????? ?????? AT II Na⁺, H₂O ? HCO₃^? ???????? ????
??? ?????? ???	H₂O	????? ??(??????????) ????
???? ?????? ???	Na⁺ (??–??%), K⁺, Cl^?; ?????????? Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺	H₂O ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????
????????? ??????? ????? ???	Na⁺, Cl^?	PTH Ca²⁺ ????????? ????
???????? ??????	Na⁺(?–?%), H₂O	K⁺ ??? H⁺?? ???????? Na⁺ ????? ???, ?? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ADH, V2 ?????????? ??? ??? ????

^[?]

?????????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????

??????? ??? ?????? pH ?????????? ?? ????-??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?

???????????

Grey's Anatomy for student book. ???????? ?-????-????-?

??? ?????

?????? ????

?????????

↑ Picture of the Kidneys
↑ How your Kidney works
↑ Clapp, WL. "Renal Anatomy". In: Zhou XJ, Laszik Z, Nadasdy T, D'Agati VD, Silva FG, eds. Silva's Diagnostic Renal Pathology. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2009.
↑ ^? ^? Le, Tao. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2013. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2013. Print.

?????????

The NephCure Foundation offers educational materials on the kidney diseases/conditions Nephrotic Syndrome and FSGS
The Kidney Foundation of Canada
electron microscopic images of the kidney (Dr. Jastrow's EM-Atlas) ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????
European Renal Genome project kidney function tutorial
Kidney Foundation of Canada kidney disease information
Kidney Stones ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????
Kidney Diseases ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????
Kidney Information
Animated Presentatin on Kidney Function
CAT Scans of various kidney diseases and conditions - CT Cases
Kidney Stones; Information and Treatments

?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??????

[1] Picture of the Kidneys

[2] How your Kidney works

[3] Clapp, WL. "Renal Anatomy". In: Zhou XJ, Laszik Z, Nadasdy T, D'Agati VD, Silva FG, eds. Silva's Diagnostic Renal Pathology. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2009.

[Tao_p_1-4] ? ^? Le, Tao. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2013. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2013. Print.

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

被银环蛇咬了有什么症状	aids是什么病的简称	湿疹涂什么药膏	额头上长斑是什么原因造成的	dym是什么意思
桡神经受损有什么恢复的方法	千卡是什么意思	大数据是什么专业	下体痒是什么原因	萝卜不能和什么一起吃
天真是什么意思	为什么天空是蓝色的	月经来头疼是什么原因引起的	什么是同源染色体	凌晨三四点是什么时辰
你害怕什么	蛋白尿是什么样子	殇读什么	台湾海峡属于什么海	维生素b5又叫什么

有什么烟hcv7jop9ns9r.cn	99属什么生肖hcv7jop9ns4r.cn	白蜡烛代表什么hcv8jop5ns6r.cn	公积金缴存基数是什么huizhijixie.com	懒趴是什么意思helloaicloud.com
面色晄白是什么意思zsyouku.com	腹腔积液是什么原因hcv7jop4ns5r.cn	邹字五行属什么hcv8jop3ns3r.cn	什么叫白内障hcv8jop4ns4r.cn	人为什么做梦adwl56.com
吃什么不长白头发imcecn.com	米粉是什么做的hcv8jop1ns0r.cn	腺管瘤是什么hcv8jop0ns8r.cn	嗣读什么hcv9jop0ns4r.cn	张学友和张家辉什么关系hcv9jop4ns7r.cn
艾灸治什么病hcv7jop5ns0r.cn	rio是什么酒hcv9jop2ns0r.cn	吃什么食物治便秘hcv9jop2ns6r.cn	咳嗽吃什么药好得快hcv7jop7ns4r.cn	气血亏吃什么补的快hcv9jop3ns9r.cn