药流后需要注意什么
????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
????–???? | |||||||||||||||
![]() The Almoravid empire at its greatest extent, ???.?1120. | |||||||||||||||
?????? | ????????? | ||||||||||||||
??????? | |||||||||||||||
??????? ???? | ?????? ????, ????, Mozarabic | ||||||||||||||
???? | ????? (??????); ????????? ????????? (????? ????????), ????? | ||||||||||||||
????? | Hereditary monarchy | ||||||||||||||
Emir | |||||||||||||||
? 1040–1059 | Abdallah ibn Yasin | ||||||||||||||
? ????–???? | Ishaq ibn Ali | ||||||||||||||
?????? | |||||||||||||||
? ????????? | ???? | ||||||||||||||
? ??????? | ???? | ||||||||||||||
????? | |||||||||||||||
???? ??????[?] | ??,??,??? ????????????? (?,??,??? ????????) | ||||||||||||||
?????? | ????????? ????? | ||||||||||||||
|
??????? ?????? |
---|
??????????? ???? ??? |
![]() |
????????? ?????? (????: ?????????[?]) ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? [?][?] ??? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??-???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????, ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????, ????, ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? [??][??]
??????????? ??-?????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?,??? ????????? (?,??? ????) ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??-???????? ("????????? ????") ????? ????? ??????? [??] ??????, ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ???—????? ??????? ????????—??? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? -??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??, ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??-????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????
?????????
[????????]- ↑ Arnaud, Jean (????-??-??)? Introduction à la Mauritanie (????? ??????)? Institut de recherches et d'études sur le monde arabe et musulman? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}
: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Nantet, Bernard (????-??-??)? Le Sahara: Histoire, guerres et conquêtes (????? ??????)? Tallandier? ???????? ???-??-???-????-??
{{?? ???????}}
: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Gaudio, Attilio (????)? Le Dossier de la Mauritanie (????? ??????)? Nouvelles Editions Latines? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??
{{?? ???????}}
: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Daddah, Mokhtar Ould (????-??-??)? La Mauritanie contre vents et marées (????? ??????)? KARTHALA Editions? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??
{{?? ???????}}
: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Garcin, Jean-Claude; Balivet, Michel; Bianquis, Thierry (????-??-??)? états, sociétés et cultures du monde musulman médiéval : Xe-XVe siècle (1) (????? ??????)? Presses universitaires de France (réédition numérique FeniXX)? ???????? ???-?-??-??????-??
{{?? ???????}}
: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (???????? ????)? "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"? Journal of World-systems Research? ??: ???–???? ???????? 1076-156X? ???????? ????? ? ????? ?????
{{???????? ???????}}
: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????). - ↑ Norris, H.T.; Chalmeta, P. (????)? "al-Murābi?ūn"? Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition? Brill?
{{?? ???????}}
: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ G. Stewart, Is the Caliph a Pope?, in: The Muslim World, Volume 21, Issue 2, pages 185–196, April 1931: "The Almoravid dynasty, among the Berbers of North Africa, founded a considerable empire, Morocco being the result of their conquests"
- ↑ Sadiqi, Fatima, The place of Berber in Morocco, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 123.1 (2009): 7–22 : "The Almoravids were the first relatively recent Berber dynasty that ruled Morocco.
- ↑ Meynier, Gilbert (????)? L'Algérie, coeur du Maghreb classique: de l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (698-1518) (????? ??????)? La Découverte? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??
{{?? ???????}}
: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Extract from Encyclopedia Universalis on Almoravids.
- ↑ Kennedy, Hugh (????-??-??)? Caliphate: The History of an Idea (?????? ??????)? Basic Books? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}
: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)